What Is an SS7 Attack and How to Protect Your Data

An SS7 attack exploits vulnerabilities in Signaling System 7 (SS7), a crucial protocol that allows different telecommunications networks to exchange information for phone calls, text messages and mobile data services. SS7 ensures that calls and texts reach the right destination, regardless of which networks are involved.

However, the system that keeps global communications running has significant security flaws. Cybercriminals can exploit these weaknesses to intercept your calls and messages, track your location and access sensitive data. As awareness of these attacks grows, it’s increasingly important to understand the risks and take steps to protect your information from potential breaches.

How Does SS7 Work?

SS7 signaling is the backbone of how calls and messages travel across different networks, especially in 2G and 3G wireless communications. When you call or send a text, SS7 works behind the scenes to ensure the information reaches its destination. It does this by managing the setup, routing and termination of calls and handling the transfer of messages.

SS7’s global reach and interoperability allow telecom providers worldwide to communicate seamlessly. It ensures you can connect with others across different countries and network providers without hassle. This interconnected system is essential for keeping the world’s telecommunications running smoothly. Still, its widespread use also makes it a target for potential vulnerabilities.

How SS7 Vulnerabilities Are Exploited

Attackers exploit weaknesses in the SS7 protocol by taking advantage of its trust-based design, which assumes all network operators are secure and trustworthy. This outdated assumption allows cybercriminals to intercept your communications, track your location and perform other malicious activities without direct access to your device. For instance, with call interception, attackers can eavesdrop on your phone conversations by rerouting the call data through their servers.

Similarly, SMS hijacking lets them intercept the one-time passwords (OTPs) and verification codes sent to your phone, giving them access to your online accounts. Location tracking is another typical SS7 attack. Hackers can pinpoint your physical location by exploiting the protocol’s signaling capabilities, putting your privacy at serious risk.

These attacks have far-reaching consequences, from identity theft and fraud to espionage. In fact, there were over 23 million identity theft victims in 2021 alone, many of whom fell victim to SS7 vulnerabilities. Attackers intercepting your communications can steal personal information, access your financial accounts and commit fraud in your name.

Additionally, the ability to track locations can lead to more sinister activities — such as unauthorized surveillance and espionage — mainly targeting high-profile individuals or businesses. Understanding these risks is crucial because they highlight the importance of securing your data and staying vigilant against potential SS7 attacks.

The Risks of SS7 Attacks

SS7 attacks significantly threaten your privacy, financial information and sensitive communications. When attackers exploit vulnerabilities in the SS7 protocol, they can intercept your calls and messages, giving them access to the private conversations and data you believe are secure. Your financial details — such as bank account numbers or credit card information — can be stolen and used for fraud.

Additionally, the risk of identity theft skyrockets as attackers can hijack your SMS messages, gaining access to one-time passwords and verification codes required to log into your online accounts. Once they have unauthorized access, they can take over your accounts, change your passwords and drain your financial resources. Protecting yourself from these risks is essential to maintaining your privacy and securing your personal and financial data.

How to Protect Your Data from SS7 Attacks

It is crucial to take steps to protect your data. Proper security measures can reduce the risk of these sophisticated threats.

Use End-to-End Encryption

Using apps and services that offer end-to-end encryption is essential for securing your messaging and calls from potential SS7 attacks. End-to-end encryption ensures only you and the intended recipient can read or listen to the communication. This is because the data is encrypted on your device and only decrypted on the recipient’s device.

Even if attackers intercept your data during transmission, they won’t be able to decipher it. Popular encrypted communication tools like Signal, WhatsApp and Telegram provide this level of security, making them a smart choice for protecting your private conversations. Using these apps lets you know that your messages and calls remain secure.

Enable Two-Factor Authentication

Enabling two-factor authentication on all your accounts — particularly those related to banking, email and social media — is one of the most effective ways to protect against unauthorized access. In 2021, 79% of users took this crucial step, significantly enhancing their online security. However, it’s essential to choose the right type of 2FA.

With SMS-based 2FA, attackers can intercept the verification codes sent to your phone through SS7 attacks, gaining access to your accounts. App-based 2FA on the other hand, generates codes directly on your device, making it much harder for cybercriminals to compromise. By opting for app-based 2FA, you add an extra layer of protection to your most sensitive accounts.

Monitor Your Accounts Regularly

Monitoring your financial and online accounts regularly for unusual activity is essential, as early detection can prevent significant damage from an SS7 attack. You can quickly spot any unauthorized access or suspicious changes by reviewing your transactions and account history.

To simplify this process, set up alerts that notify you of any unusual login attempts, such as password changes or large transactions. These alerts allow you to act immediately, securing your accounts before an attacker can cause further harm. Staying vigilant and proactive is critical to protecting your personal and financial information.

Limit the Use of SMS for Sensitive Transactions

You should avoid relying on SMS for sensitive communications or transactions, such as password resets or bank transfers because it can expose you to significant risks. In 2023, the FBI received over 880,000 cybercrime complaints, many involving vulnerabilities like those found in SMS-based communications. 

SMS messages are particularly susceptible to interception through SS7 attacks, making them an insecure option for protecting sensitive information. Instead, opt for more secure methods — like app-based authentication or encrypted emails — which offer higher protection. These secure alternatives can better safeguard your personal and financial data from threats.

Essential Steps to Secure Your Data

Taking proactive measures like encryption, enabling 2FA and staying vigilant is crucial to protect your data from sophisticated threats like SS7 attacks. Review your security practices today and implement these steps immediately to ensure your personal and financial information remains secure.